9^th World Heart Congress

It deals with the catheter-based treatment of systemic heart disorders. Cardiac catheterization is a procedure to test the muscles of the heart, valves, or arteries of the coronary (heart). Into a large blood vessel that leads to the heart, a thin , hollow tube called a catheter is inserted. Some procedures for heart failure are conducted using cardiac catheterization, such as coronary angioplasty and coronary stenting. The main advantages of using the interventional cardiology or radiology method are the avoidance of the scars and pain, and long post-operative recovery.

Cardiometabolic health  with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, includes cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Overweight / obesity, high blood pressure that can be modified by diet and lifestyle decisions are the risk factors. A significant factor in heart disease is obesity. This is a dangerous condition where a person is at elevated risk of heart failure and stroke because their heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of their body. By controlling the levels of blood glucose, blood pressure , and blood cholesterol, one can reduce the risk. The same issue can cause stroke and coronary heart disease-atherosclerosis.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a syndrome generated by decreased blood flow to the coronary artery (set of signs and symptoms) so that part of the heart muscle does not function properly or dies. Chest pain, frequently radiating to the left shoulder or jaw angle, crushing, central, and associated with nausea and sweating, is the most common symptom. Many people , particularly  women, older patients and patients with diabetes mellitus  have symptoms other than chest pain.

Three clinical symptoms, named after the presence of an electrocardiogram (ECG), are usually associated with acute coronary syndrome: ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, 30%) and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI, 25%) or unstable angina (38%). There can be many differences as to which types of acute coronary syndrome are known as myocardial infarction ( MI).

In many parts of the world, cancer and cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of death and the intersection of heart complications in cancer-treated patients is cardio-oncology. There are many explanations for both diseases emerging in the same patient. Coronary artery disease ( CAD) and cancer risk factors include age, use of tobacco and obesity. Other factors may be the effects of radiation and chemotherapy on long-term malignancy patients. These therapies have a direct effect on the heart, which involves surgical correction in some cases. Malignancy can also occur after a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) during long-term follow-up. The increase of medical facilities also makes it more likely that it can detect heart disease and treatable cancer.

The branch of cardiology and geriatric medicine that deals with cardiovascular problems in the elderly is cardiogeriatrics, or geriatric cardiology.

In elderly people, cardiac conditions such as coronary heart disease, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation are normal and a significant cause of death. In elderly people, vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease cause severe morbidity and mortality.

Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle does not pump blood as effectively as it can, and is sometimes recognised as congestive heart failure. Some diseases, such as tapered heart arteries (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, ultimately make the heart too sluggish to pump. It is not possible to cure all problems that lead to heart failure, but therapies can improve the signs and symptoms of heart failure and enable people to live longer.

Cardiomyopathy is a category of diseases that change the heart muscle. Primary on there can be few or no symptoms. Due to the onset of heart failure, as the illness worsens, shortness of breath, feeling tired, and swelling of the legs may occur. There can be an irregular heart rhythm and fainting. There is an increased risk of sudden cardiac death in those affected. Cardiomyopathy methods  consist of  dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia, and cardiomyopathy with Takotsubo (broken heart syndrome).The cardiac muscle rises and thickens in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The ventricles in dilated cardiomyopathy increase and weaken. The ventricle stiffens during restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Cardiac imaging, also known as cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), is a medical imaging technology for the non-nosed assessment of the cardiovascular system's function and structure using a medical imaging technique with a branch of cardiovascular imaging that clarifies heart and vascular system cross-sectional imaging studies using computed tomography (CT or 'CAT') and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Both CT and MRI are non-invasive imaging modalities that, using a strong magnetic field, radio waves and a computer, produce detailed images of the structures within the heart. It is used to diagnose or monitor cardiac disease and determine the anatomy and function of the heart in patients with congenital heart disease. In order to ensure maximum diagnostic efficacy in medical treatment while also reducing medical exposure to ionising radiation, MUSC runs the most up-to - date, cutting-edge imaging equipment.

Coronary heart disease is also referred to as coronary artery disease, which means  that a common concept is the narrowing of the coronary arteries or the accumulation of plaques within the arteries that resize the coronary arteries. Blood is delivered to different parts of the body by arteries and provides oxygen and nutrients to the blood after the heart. The coronary arteries are vital: the heart muscle brings blood to the coronary arteries. So, as the coronary arteries grow smaller, the flow of blood to the heart muscles reduces. Chest pain or irritation that may flow through the shoulder, arm, back, spine, or jaw is a common symptom. It can feel like heartburn on an irregular basis. Symptoms usually occur with exercise or emotional stress, last less than a couple of minutes, and improve with rest. There may also be shortness of breath and often no signs are present. The first sign is a heart attack in most instances. Heart failure or an abnormal heartbeat are other complications.

Cardiac regeneration is the ability of reparative stem cells to restore impaired tissue function by renewing cell growth in cardiac cells killed by heart disease or by a rapidly growing and controversial research area. Some 12 years ago, the discovery of progenitor cells within the heart sparked interest in regenerative cell-based therapies, and about 15.5 million Americans have one or more types of cardiovascular disease, like as heart attack, angina, or heart failure. Such transplanted cells could produce myocardium and repopulate the injured region. The field immediately pursues complementary regenerative methods for cell transplantation.

A pharmacological  study of cardiac and neuronal medicines. In multiple heart disorders, cardiac or cardiovascular pharmacology discloses the practises of cardiac medicine, including cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, and cardiomyopathy. The focus of neuronal pharmacology is on neurological disorders and their pharmacological drug operations. Since almost every cardiac condition is interdependent on the nervous system, there is a physiological connexion between this cardiac and neuropharmacology. Nervous systems that are sympathetic and parasympathetic control the cardiac system internally.

A state of elevated blood pressure inside the arteries of the lungs is pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN). Symptoms contains shortness of breath,  tiredness, syncope, chest pain, swelling of the legs, and a fast heartbeat. The condition can make it difficult to exercise. Onset is characteristically gradual. The cause is frequently unknown. Risk factors include family history, past lung blood clots, sickle cell disease, HIV / AIDS, cocaine use, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, sleep apnea, high altitude sleep, and mitral valve issues. Inflammation of the arteries in the lungs and subsequent remodelling are usually involved in the underlying mechanism. Diagnosis means first ruling out all alternate causes.

A venous thrombosis is a thrombosis in a vein, affected by a thrombus (blood clot). A common form of venous thrombosis is a deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is a blood clot typically found in the deep veins of the leg. The deep veins of the arm are steadily observed, accounting for more than 10% of all deep vein thrombosis. It may become a pulmonary embolism (PE), a blood clot in the lungs, if the thrombus breaks off (embolizes) and flows into the lungs. This combination is referred to as venous thromboembolism. There are also many other types of venous thrombosis, some of which can also contribute to pulmonary embolism.

Interventional cardiology involves the correction of damaged or weakened veins, narrowed arteries or other compromised portions of the heart system. It is a non-surgical treatment procedure that uses a catheter called a narrow flexible tube. The heart may be subjected to many procedures via catheterization. This usually includes catheter injection into the heart chamber / coronary arteries / valves of the cardiac system and heart cannulation under X-ray visualisation or most frequently fluoroscopic visualisation. The adaptation of this type of therapy prevents scars and discomfort and prolonged post-operative rehabilitation. The techniques used in interventional cardiology result in large patient radiation doses due to prolonged fluoroscopy time and radiographic exposure.

Cardiac operation or cardiac surgery is surgery on the cardiac or large arteries. It is carried out to tackle the problems connected with the heart. A heart surgeon is a specialist in cardiac surgery. New heart surgery approaches (such as off-pump and minimally invasive) will reduce complications and speed up recovery time, as opposed to traditional open heart surgery. Cardiac surgery is performed to repair or replace heart valves by a heart surgeon, repair abnormal or damaged heart structures, implant medical devices that help control heart rate or encourage heart function and blood flow, or replace a donor 's damaged heart with a healthy heart.

Study on diagnosis and treatment prevention, current research includes pioneering the use of cardiac scanning in the early diagnosis of heart disease, advancement of nuclear cardiology techniques for the detection of heart disease, advancement of drugs and assessment of heart disease therapies, identification of novel biological markers to predict the occurrence of heart disease, examination of heart disease.

An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or automatic cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) is an inside-body implantable system that completes cardioversion and heart pacing and defibrillation. The system is also capable of correcting most cardiac arrhythmias that are life-threatening. ICD is the first-line treatment and prophylactic therapy for patients at risk of sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. In addition to low-energy and high-energy shocks, current devices can be programmed to monitor irregular heart rhythms and provide therapy by programmable antitachycardia pacing.

A less invasive system that can avoid sudden cardiac death is the implantable string subcutaneous defibrillator (ISSD). The ISSD does not require a metal pulse generator pocket, unlike current subcutaneous defibrillators. Instead, with no leads inside the core, it uses a single flexible string-shaped unit. The average implantation time is only 20 minutes, and a smartphone can be connected to the device.